The Reptilian Brain

The Criminal Mind is a Reptilian Mind
(Homo-Reptilicus criminalensis)

This is a picture of the criminal when all its disguises are removed and placed into the light of day:  Without its suits, without its uniforms, without its everyday clothes, without its wigs, without its tattoos, without its social position, without its makeup, cologne/perfume, masks, language accents, work-place jargon, vehicles, houses, religious garments, medallions, jewelry, etc...  in short, by removing all the items of camouflage and adaptation to the environment in which it preys.  Criminals are reptiles in the sense that the attributes of the reptilian portion of the human brain play a dominant role in the behavior of criminals.  The criminal mind is from a reptilian brain:

Full-time Criminal

They are cold blooded. They desire a top down hierarchy.  They want to be on top so they can think/feel that they are in control. They are ritualistic; some are obsessively so, which can help law enforcement in establishing characteristic "M.O's," (Modus Operandi- mode of operating). They express anger, love, sorrow, hunger, thirst, etc., with non-verbal impulsive actions to satisfy these needs on an immediate basis, regardless of who may get hurt or what may get damaged, because they are unable to express such on an adequate verbal or written level that they feel satisfied with.  Specifically stated, the reptilian brain is non-verbal:

Part-time Criminal

(We must wonder if the "non-verbal" is in the form of pictures, as has been also described as that by which autistic individuals attempt to make sense of the world.  Is this the reason why there are numerous self-expressions of criminals through the medium of drawing such things as tattoos, vehicles ("heavy metal" references), and sketches of medieval themes?

• The day to day goal is recurringly focused on refining their predatory skills as a defensive mechanism against real, imagined, or potential threats.  They want to hurt as they believe themselves to have been hurt.
  
  

• They remain in a state of hypervigilance, always monitoring their surroundings for possible threats, potential prey, and places that they may use as cover in case they may need to hide.  (Some are extremely paranoid.)... Extended periods of hypervigilance prevents an individual from getting the necessary individualized amount of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep that is needed to remain intellectually, emotionally, and physically stable/healthy.
  
  

• They will impulsively fight, flee, or freeze and will only pretend to be submissive in order to bide their time in order to "set-up" favorable conditions to attack those that they seek to over-power through physical force, intimidation, brow-beating, coercion, trickery, lies (called distortions or exaggerations), "I will protect you" scams, etc...  Many will have had some former interaction/relationship with those they come to victimize.
  
  

• They like exhibiting a false "halo" (good person, normal person,) image to conceal their true horns of evil intentions which may not surface until at a later time.  It is but one of many different forms of con-game "to gain your confidence" scams that they may attempt to use if the opportunity presents itself, because if they can manipulate you through a con-game, they feel superior to you...particularly if they think that your ego is measured by your own thoughts of thinking yourself to be intelligent.  The false "halo" behavior is a predatory ploy to get potential victims to let down their guards and be more amiable to future control.  Many are extremely aggressive in their attempts to convince others to see them in a favorable halo-like light, in order to heighten the power of potential control over one or more others by exhibiting just the opposite at sometime in the future.  Such "dual identity" reversals of behavior are sometimes effective at getting control through fear that is sometimes evoked through the circumstances of uncertainty called unpredictability.
  
  

• They are particularly territorial.  They may even kill those that are close to them in order to protect their "turf," which may be a single item, a phrase, a gesture, a person, a car, a house, a "rep" (reputation), etc...
  
  

• They like to "ornament" (conceal) themselves in various kinds of "foliage".  "Ornamentation" may take many forms such as with clothes "that make a statement," jewelry, extravagant houses, associations with public figures (they like to hide in plain view), reputation, wealth, fancy vehicles, etc...

Hiding in Plain Sight For a man now described as being at the center of one of the most intense missing-person cases in years, Brian D. Mitchell did not exactly try to blend into the scenery.  Dan Gorder, a freelance photographer, took a picture of an odd-looking group, dressed in white robes that looked like hospital gowns, at a big outdoor party in downtown Salt Lake City last September (2002), just three months after 14-year old Elizabeth was kidnapped from her home near Salt Lake City.  With a veiled Elizabeth Smart and his wife in tow, Mr. Mitchell showed up at a downtown block party, a grocery store, a restaurant, even living for about a week just one block from the Salt Lake City police headquarters, numerous witnesses say. ...And one question being asked is: did the type of "mormon indoctrination" Elizabeth was subjected to in her family by her father and community, make her more susceptible and malleable towards being psychologically manipulated by (an ex-mormon's) strange religious views (which had mormon influences), and this is why it only took a short time for her to identify with the criminals and to deny her own identity... a sort of survival adaptation in the presence of a dominating male figure?  Some people wonder if she simply traded one form of religious cult narcotic for another type as a kind of survival mechanism that some social workers would label as resilency?   Other observers consider that Brian Mitchell "persuaded" (brow beat) Elizabeth into substituting her family's and community's mormanized world view with his version of a mormanized fantasy world.  It is thought that it was due to the close resemblance of his views with those she was taught which hindered her ability to distinguish right from wrong, and thus not try to run away and even deny her own true identity. In any respect, so many criminal acts are due to various religious types of views which are seen as different types of narcotic "highs"...  Perhaps it is necessary to consider that the different religions of the world are different strains (mutations) of a single? triple? (mental?) disease contracted by humanity thousands of years ago, and is accepted/expected as normal and natural because of its widespread occurrence. From another perspective of criminals trying to hide out in the open by associating with public figures: (A snapshot of Utah justice) Clay Harrison, right, convicted in a real estate scam, parties with Jesse Gallegos of the Board of Pardons and prosecutor Angela Micklos. (Rick Egan/Tribune file photo) Harrison, who pleaded guilty to securities fraud, misappropriation of funds from trust accounts and breach of fiduciary duty, was sentenced June 13 to 12 years probation for his role in the case. Gallegos, former deputy director of the Department of Corrections and a law school chum of Harrison's, wrote the court a letter vouching for Harrison's character.  "I've known Mr. Harrison since we were in law school together and we remained very good friends," Gallegos said.  "I was writing the letter, not as deputy director of the Department of Corrections, but as a personal friend."  More than 100 victims, who have lost as much as $50 million in the scam, say Harrison, a former Attorneys Title agent, and people working for him cheated buyers and sellers of homes throughout Utah and the West. In contrast to Harrison's lenient sentence, Dale McCallister, who worked for Harrison, was convicted of four second-degree felonies, each of which carries a prison term of one to 15 years. They frequently adopt an "I am a victim" (I am innocent) role.  They may use this role as an attitude that permits them to justify committing a criminal act, or to do whatever is necessary to get others to believe them whereby they can get one or more accomplices to unwittingly help them in committing some criminal act, whether through direct participation (or indirect participation) such as through providing an alibi for their whereabouts when a crime took place. They are contradictory in their mindset.  They think predominantly in patterns-of-two that is commonly referred to as "opposite" or dichotomous thinking such as black/white, rich/poor, strong/weak, my gang/your gang, smart/dumb, etc... They are filled with the fear (anticipation- hope?) of being discovered "any minute now" (either/or for having done something wrong or having done something they consider to be an indication of superiority to others.)  One good example of this is the case in which a criminal was always wary of being caught to the extent they inserted a loaded derringer-size 22 caliber pistol up their rectum which became cocked, ready to fire.  It had to be surgically removed.  In his way of thinking, he would be able to retrieve the gun and use it for an escape upon being caught. They are concerned with the "self": a. self-centered b. self-procreation c. self-preeminence However, this "self," with respect to arms, legs, fingers, etc., will be sacrificed, if the occasion arises to do so, just like some lizards will sacrifice their tail, some snakes (and worms) will break in half, etc., in order to free themselves from capture.  This is why law enforcement personnel are taught that criminals will sacrifice an arm, hand, leg, foot, (or a family member, fellow criminal,) etc., if it means they can get away during an officer's attempt to capture them, or they get a chance to escape from incarceration. They "downshift" (a sort of sleepwalking or sleep "hibernation") when responding to life-threatening conditions, thus inhibiting their ability to learn.  This "downshifting" can be understood by acknowledging that many physical/ mental/ emotional processes are put on hold when a person experiences uncertain, anxiety producing, or actual threats.  They react impulsively to perceived threats which directs their energies to a fight, flight, or freeze mode that is characteristic of the instinctual responses of animals in the wild.  It is like a soldier whose energies are so focused and localized that if they become injured in a fight, they may not notice an injury until after they feel safe or are subdued.  No less, it is like a hurt or scared child that may not cry or scream until they feel more secure when a parent, older sibling, or perceived authority figure (providing safety) is nearby. For those interested in reading an article about why a non-threatening environment is needed for learning: Many individuals report that they felt they were in sort of a dream-like trance, a sort of motion picture portrayal, a sort of unreal state, when they committed a criminal act.  These impressions are the images of the limbic and cortex systems observing reptilian activity from a sort of suspended animation state of observation that supplies vague representations as if one were witnessing an apparition.  When the brain is in a "reptilian mode" of operation that is sometimes colloquially referred to as the "eye of the tiger," "mad dog look," "Zoned," etc., the focus of energy is so intense that the cortex and limbic systems are put into a low functioning mode and may even be shut down intermittently, for extended periods, or completely, depending on the person and circumstances. While some readers might want to argue that the "Zone" is necessary when engaged in activities (such as sports competition, meditation, creating, prayer, etc.,) the difference between a criminal's and non-criminal's "zone" experience is that the criminal frequently can not shut it down on their own and if it does begin to subside, they must "get another fix" of this "drug-like" experience through "competition" with innocent people (or things) who/that are wholly unaware that they have been (often-times randomly) selected to participate in the criminal's game where rules, regulations, "arena" and gear are chosen by the whims of the criminal who also has some sort of "score" to achieve.

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3 forms of competition distorted by criminals:

1. Competition with others perceived as peers.
2. Competition with oneself.
3. Competition with others perceived as superiors.  (siblings, parents, bosses, instructors, god, satan, etc...)

A person that is subjected to actual sustained threats or misinterprets circumstances to be potentially dangerous, may not permit themselves to be open to new experiences, such as education, because in so doing, they fear that their guard will be down and open themselves up to be taken advantage of by other reptilian predators who wait to pounce on some unsuspecting innocent prey.  All or most of their energy resources are allocated towards self preservation, which is part of the domain of the reptilian brain's territory. Hence, it should be of no surprise to find that the majority of prisoners have not learned even basic skills taught to and learned by most children in public education systems.  A home life, street life, or school life that is felt to be threatening, does not provide the needed security required by those who need to be open in order to learn...

A criminal is typically referred to as a socio-path, a psyco-path, or someone with other path-ological tendencies, and yet the use of the word "path" in these references is not viewed as a referential metaphor that describes the evolving development of the criminal when their activities are not adequately addressed by social conventions of dealing with those with criminal "tendencies".

While many of us can see hints of the same qualities within ourselves that criminals have, the difference between the non-criminal and the criminal is that the rest of the brain in the non-criminal will mold, control, or deny the impulses of reptilian activities that lead the person into committing acts that are so anti-social as to require larger measures of restraint such as through civil punishment, criminal punishment, or death.  It may be helpful for some to think of the limbic and cortex regions as types of dog leashes that do not permit the reptilian brain from wandering too far unless they become broken or loosely attended to by inadequate social laws, customs, or provisional guidelines due to various undermining effects.

If left to its own instinctual drives without restraints, the reptilian-minded individual will come into conflict with those and that which do require restraint.   The "attributes" of the reptilian brain can be viewed in a 3 to 1 ratio fashion of basic behaviors:

1 of 3 interaction behaviors- Feeding
2 of 3 interaction behaviors- Fighting
3 of 3 interaction behaviors- Fornicating
1 of 1 non-interaction behaviors- Fleeing

Or we could separate these into:

1. Feeding/Fornicating
2. Fighting/Fleeing
3. Freezing  (Helpless submission that may exhibit childish or infantile behaviors.)

The reptilian brain of humans is similar to that which was possessed by the reptiles that preceded mammals, roughly 200 million years ago.  It's 'preverbal', but controls life functions such as autonomic brain, breathing, heart rate and the fight, flight, or freeze mechanisms.  Lacking language, its impulses are instinctual and ritualistic.  It's concerned with fundamental needs such as survival, physical maintenance, hoarding, dominance, preening/grooming and mating.

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Because of the ideas presented in Paul MacLean's triune brain hypothesis, the notions of an individual with a distinct "criminal mind," as opposed to an individual with a normal mind having been subjected to non-normal developmental conditions which causes them to conduct criminal activity, can be taken more seriously.  In postulating such a view, we are not attempting to present a "throw in the towel" perspective of all individuals who commit unlawful activity, and simply conclude there is no hope for re-habilitation of any of them.  However, we are not likewise suggesting that all (nor most) criminals can be helped, and we are not also advocating that long-term incarceration is preferable to execution of those who can be clearly defined as career criminals.

Simply stated, Paul MacLean's triune brain hypothesis distinguishes that the human brain is 3 brains in 1:

To enhance our appreciation of brain development with respect to categorizing attributes that may help us to better distinguish between a criminal and non-criminal brain, we need to elaborate on a means to help us in differentiating characteristic related to these 3 different brain sections:

Attributes of the brain hemispheres show a distinctive (but somewhat overlapping) partitioning along a 1-patterned, 2-patterned, 3-patterned formula, with the earlier brain structures exhibiting a smaller numerically identifiable value, just as we find in the development of Primordial Germ Layers to the extent that we humans, as a complex organism, grow from 3 Germ Layers, and less complex organisms grow from fewer than 3 layers.

***Note: Much of the brain illustration shown above was adapted from page 106 of Dean Falk's book entitled "Brain Dance," 1992.

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3-patterned formula to brain hemisphere attributes:
When we look at the assigned culturally recognized attributes of the brain, we can see a distinct (over-lapping) 1-patterned, or 2-patterned, or 3-patterned arrangement:

Left Hemisphere (Predominantly 3-patterned) Math: Associative Commutative Distributive Logic: Major Premise Minor Premise Conclusion Time Sequencing: Seconds~ Minutes~ Hours Past~  Present~ Future Day~ Week~ Month Language: Subject Object Verb Right Body Side: Tri-cuspid heart valve Three-lobed lung	Right Hemisphere (Predominantly 2-patterned) Holistic: Macro versus Micro Whole versus Part Inner versus Outer Music: Major Scale vs Minor Scale Loud versus Soft (Quiet) Consonance vs Dissonance Visuospatial: (Art) Background vs Foreground Light vs Dark (Contrasts) 1 Dimension vs 2 Dimensions Emotions: Pain versus Pleasure Positive vs Negative Love versus Hate Left Body Side: Bi-cuspid heart valve Two-lobed lung
The correlations of two and three being made on this page are not typical considerations. However, I did come across a single reference concerning the tricuspid valve: --- Why does the right side of the heart have a TRICUSPID valve? --- http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/mar97/855255174.An.r.html
In recognizing that the left lung is smaller than the right lung (which provides room for the heart), let us conjecture that this is due to some past earlier developmental sequence just as we find the 1-layer, 2-layer, 3-layer sequential development of the 3 primordial germ layers (Ectoderm- Mesoderm- Entoderm) in primitive to more complex organisms. Hence, difference in size (dimorphism) as well as a two/ or three prominence may provide another link towards understanding developmental processes. Does this mean that the recurring smallness of the female to the male in many species indicates that females came before the male in terms of species-specific evolutionary development during particular environmental circumstances? If so, will there be an increased development towards a 3 to 1 "fusion" ratio?
ROOT SYSTEM (Reptilian) (Predominantly 1-Patterned) (Self)-Preservation~ (Self)-Procreation~ (Self)-Preeminence

An analogy to the above 3 divisions (Reptilian~ Mammalian~ Neo(New)-Mammalian) can be made with the ancient view of the world once held by Nordic peoples who thought the three roots and three limbs of the Yggdrasil tree held Earth, Hell, and Heaven together.  In their own way, they were illustrating a fundamental organizational structure of the brain that matures along a 1~ 2~ 3 maturational development sequence.   It is because of this underlying basic formula that humans tend to organize world views in a three-patterned manner, in singular and multiple representations thereof.

For those of you who have a penchant for taking the obvious for granted, please note that the Nordic peoples are part of the Indo-European family, and it is this (3rd born) family, moreso than (2nd born) Asians and (1st born) Africans which has the greatest proclivity for developing three-patterned views of the world:

In adding to the above, we could include the following remarks (taken out of their original context because they are related to the present discussion):

"To further complicate the process, it has been suggested that we have 3 major components in our brain function - instinct, emotion, and intellect.  The 3 layers of function correspond to the major layers of brain matter that have been added as we evolved through various stages.  Evolution didn't throw much away as humans evolved - our brains have added new layers on top of what was already there instead of the more difficult total restructuring or replacement.  We still harbor a primitive reptilian brain at our cores that runs a lot of our subconscious systems like digestion, respiration and circulation.  Along the way we picked up a number of only marginally compatible and integrated layers, evolving our conscious minds only with the addition of the outermost layer."

Most portrayals of the human brain typically display a side view and label parts of the brain in a fairly accurate and general way that suffices for most people.  However, let us take a look at the reptilian section of the human brain from a side view, then a frontal view, and then compare the frontal perspective with a frontal view of a reptile known as the cobra snake:

Side view of human brain showing reptilian brain in green.

Front sectioned view of human brain.

Front view of reptile known as the cobra snake.

Is the close similarity of appearance between the frontal view of the human reptilian brain and the reptilian Cobra snake a coincidence?  Or does it suggest a hint of human brain origin that has not been extensively studied enough?  This path of research needs to be traveled on by those with a different type of perspective than those who have looked into this area before.

While there are many who are well aware of the analogy used in many contexts regarding criminals and reptilian-like bestial behavior, what is not discussed is the evolution that the "reptilian-like criminal" undergoes if and when they are not caught for committing those very first acts which lead them on towards developing more reptile-like behaviors. They are behaviors that are permitted to evolve into various forms of inhuman creatures because society did not catch them soon enough to stop the development through counseling, training, imprisonment, or they get killed through civil attempts at arrest or by state mandated sanctions.  The evolution of the "reptilian-like criminal" has its own evolutionary tree, much like humanity has its own genealogical tree containing various types of hominids, each with its own forms of behavior and world views.  In short, and to get to the point, the criminal can and does evolve into more hideous forms if permitted to do so.

If criminal behavior is left unaddressed, many individuals reach a "point of no return," that is similar to the ability of a human having a critical period in which to develop normal language skills.  In other words, social skills such as morality, compassion, altruism, etc., are more often an expression of play-acting, an act of mimicry to conceal criminal inclinations, and are not a genuine characteristic of the person.  With respect to the analogy of language, if a person does not learn human language skills by a particular age, as has been identified through studies of feral and isolated children, the ability to acquire the capacity for normal vocal self expression with civilized language is lost to them.

Note: While I use the reference of "civilized language" in the above context, I am well aware of those philosophical views that suggest many of our continuing social problems are due to all human societies using an uncivilized form of civilized language.

3 recurring examples of "feral" or "wild" children are the American accounts of "Anna," "Isabelle," and "Genie," who were discovered after 5-8 years of severe isolation and neglect and studied by psychologists Kingsley Davis and Susan Curtiss.  These girls failed to develop mentally enough to sufficiently lead normal lives after they were discovered, given needed medical care, and provided with intensive intervention to try to overcome their retardation and inability to relate to other people.  Anna died at the age of 10.  Isabelle and Genie lived long but remained too developmentally disabled to live apart from institutional settings.  What these case studies suggest is that individuals who are biologically related to homo sapiens do not become functionally "normal" human beings apart from the processes of socialization and enculturation.

The reason for the above excerpt is to point out that this is the same type of circumstance society encounters in its attempts to provide "Corrective" measures to criminals in order that they may lead normal lives.  In other words, most criminals can not acquire the necessary means of socialized self-sufficiency to not commit criminal acts against the innocent.  They must be institutionalized most of their lives at a cost that has become too burdensome for society to continue, when so many others who are not criminals, could benefit (and in turn benefit society) from those resources wasted on perpetuating the socially useless lives of career criminals who have grown beyond the stage of development where intervention may have been of value.  However, there are those who hold the view that no matter how much resources are allocated to intervention techniques, it is valueless when the criminal is inherently another type of hominid that can not be trained to be a non-criminal, just like some dogs can only be trained to perform certain socially viable tasks like seeing- eye dogs, police dogs, and pulling dog sleds.  Unlike dogs that can otherwise be kept as pets, criminals are like wild predatory beasts that will not only bite the hand that feeds it, but will maul the entire person to shreds if given the chance.

And it is necessary to point out that in the animal world, (of which humans are a part of), there are only a very limited quality and quantity of animal types that can be domesticated.  If we extend this view by including insects and plants, the ratio of domesticated to undomesticated species is many thousands to one.  No less, for the more imaginative reader, if we include viruses and bacteria, we might want to claim that the usage of dead organisms used in vaccinations are the domesticated species, and the live virulent organisms are the undomesticated ones, which still presents us with an even larger ratio gap between that which can be domesticated and that which can not be domesticated.

Such views of domestication take on another perspective if we suggest that all humans are not inherently good (and are therefore not amiable to domestication), in contradiction to the professed colloquial notion that all humans are born inherently good.  In support of the contrary, some observers point out that children can be very (naturally) cruel, such observations do not also point out that a group of children in an act of cruelty towards another child, may be the result of a single cruel child whose ("charisma," brow-beating, intimidation, etc.,) influences others to follow their lead in a type of herd mentality.  We could say that the one cruel child that influences others to exhibit a "uniformed" style of cruelty, is a child with a Hitler type of disposition.  Unfortunately, we of the present are not very receptive towards considering that there are lots of little Hitler-like children being born in the world (due to social conditions which breeds them?), because such labeling would create many false accusations, disparaging innuendoes, and rationalized interpretations of behavior in children, when in actuality such views would be projections used by cruel adults seeking innocent victims to scapegoat.

The evolutionary process of a criminal, as any detective will attest to, is expressed in the criminal acts that are repeated.  Like an amateur bomb maker who does not get caught for exploding their first homemade bombs, their bomb making techniques can evolve into more sophisticated and deadly "expressions".  While the general public is not privy to personally witnessing many aspects of the intimate expressions of the criminal's evolutionary process, it may be of some help for some readers if I provide a metaphorical representation of the various changes which the "reptilian-like criminal" may experience, if it is permitted to evolve.

For further information about the above artistically created masks:
Jeff Death
Death Studios
431 Pine Lake Ave.
LaPorte, IN 46350
219-362-4321

Take any one of the above figures and cover them with a human body and then put them in a suit, a uniform, or the cloak of some religion, and you may more clearly see how it is sometimes difficult for the ordinary person to identify the evil that exists in some politicians, corporate leaders, religious clerics, doctors, nurses, cab drivers, postal workers, milk man, police officers, lawyers, judges, etc...

If you sat with a sketch artist and asked them to portray the face of a criminal's actions, you might see many of the above images.  In other words, these portraits are metaphorical representations of criminal acts (and not the criminals themselves) that are often faceless to the public and only typically described in details with names such as murder, rape, massacre, mayhem, torture, kidnapping, bedlam, grotesque, blood and guts, decapitation, dismemberment, poisoned, etc...

What I am attempting to do is provide a face to the many horrors that are experienced by so many people who have been victims of criminal behavior.  If you haven't had any personal encounters with a criminal who is intent on doing you harm, it is difficult to imagine the many images of hell that are experienced.  By providing some small semblance of the criminal mind as it really is, perhaps you can be shocked enough into accepting the fact that our laws are wholly inadequate at protecting the innocent from the many predatory activities that reptilian-minded beasts of prey are involved in.  We need a whole new form of justice and punishment system that not only addresses individual criminals, but also the social and developmental circumstances which continue to breed these disgusting creatures.

The following are examples of embryos from different animals:

Though by moving the seahorse images around and using a little imagination, we could also see a mustache with long "handles", re-curve bow, sea monster (lochness), early model (1960s - 1970s) handlebars etc...

By considering the development of the criminal as a separate but linked species to Homo-sapiens, the following illustration may be instructive:

In contemplating what can be done to confront the birth, development, and evolution of the criminal, there are several obstacles to changing the laws which will adequately address the criminal problem in a sustained way so as to eliminate all conditions which breed the circumstances which encourage acts of criminal behavior.  These obstacles can be summed up by naming those institutions which benefit from the public remaining in a state of fear, because such a condition predisposes the public to be easily persuaded to follow those who suggest some measure of relief from the many circumstances which arise due to actual, potential, or make-believe fear:

Government (war, terrorism, recession, etc...)
Motion picture industry (crime, horror movies, lust, greed, etc...)
Media (war, greed, crime, recession, etc...)
Religion (anti-Christ, Armageddon, pestilence, etc...)
Corporations (lay-offs, getting fired, drop in wages, decrease in services, etc...)   In short, those who seek control over others in order that they may fulfill their own personal agendas, regardless of how many "followers" must be sacrificed for a "greater" (their own) cause.

When such organizations feel they are losing control over public opinion, that they no longer feel they are on top of some desired social hierarchy, they will create circumstances of fear, regardless of the consequences to innocent lives or the property of those lives.

Indeed, it is a strange society that which we call human civilization:

When a person breaks out into a rash caused by brushing into poison oak, ivy, etc., we logically do not say that the plant attacked us, even though the rash is an irritant used as a means of defense by the plant against potential predators who may want to eat it.  There is no Congressional mandate to establish a law enforcement team to seek out the capture or destruction of all such plants harmful to humans.   And nor is there a law established to irradicate all bees, mosquitoes, ants, flies, grasshoppers, locusts, wasps, spiders, snakes, etc...  Human society merely permits each individual their own discretion of killing such plants, animals, and insects when they invade our lives with the intent to do us harm.

Likewise, When an animal of the wild (such as a bear, dog, wolf, crocodile, shark, etc.) mawls, kills, or in any way attacks an innocent person, that animal is typically executed because of the danger it poses to all people everywhere if it were simply relocated to another place inhabited by people.  However, such executions are usually mandated by law to be carried out by authorized individuals.  Such a wild animals are not usually warehoused with other creatures that have attacked the innocent in one way or anther.  Nor do we place such animals into a cage to feed them, provide them with medical care, provide them with recreation, nor permit them to marry, mate and have visits with those of its own kind or those that sympathize moreso with the wild animal for being incarcerated than those that were innocently attacked.  We know that these wild animals can never be truly domesticated, though we might teach them to mimic remnants of civilized behavior in a controlled setting where deprivations, punishments, rewards, and isolation from potential innocent victims is strictly monitored and enforced.  Yet, only the very naive are fooled into believing the wild animal is "cured" from expressing further acts of attack when returned to conditions where prey is plentiful and they are not monitored...

...And only the very foolish delude themselves into naively believing a rapist, a murderer, a molester, etc., are not wild animals.

in order to help in the perception of those unfamiliar with varying assessments of criminology.  The following table concerning differences in memory between children and older subjects may be directly related to the differences in thinking we encounter for those who:

1. Begin criminal activity.
2. Those who begin criminal activity but come to stop it by choice or they "grow out of it," such as in adolescence.
3. Those who begin criminal activity and continue for a lengthy time to the extent of being labeled career criminals.

Because we can see a difference in the types of memory "chunking" between younger and older subjects, and a difference in criminal activity amongst younger and older subjects, a correlational observation can be made.  Let us again look at the following table with its attendant comments:

Table 2.4 examples of imposed recall structures.  Most frequent grouping ("chunking") for each class with frequency given in parentheses.  (From Wilkes, A.L., Loyd, P., and Simpson, I., Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 24, 48-54.)

Number of  Items	Age in Years	No Structure	Doublet "2"	Triplet "3"	Quartet "4"	Other
5	Adult	(9)	2:3(5)	3:2(6)	-
	10	(5)	2:3(10)	3:2(5)
	8	(6)	2:3(9)	3:2(5)	-	-
6	Adult	(4)	2:4(4)	3:3(9)	4:2(3)
	10	(2)	2:2:2(2)	3:3(12)	4:2(3)	-
	8	(1)	2:4(4)	3:3(10)	4:2(2)
7	Adult	(3)	2:5(2)	3:4(5)	4:3(3)	5:2(3)
	10	-	2:2:3(1) 2:5(1)	3:2:2(6)	4:3(5)	5:2(3)
	8	-	2:2:3(6)	3:4(7)	4:3(2)	-
8	Adult	(1)	2:2:2:2(3)	3:3:2(3)	4:4(4)	6:2(1)
	10	-	2:3:3(5)	3:3:2(4) 3:2:3(4)	4:4(2)	5:3(1)
	8	-	2:2:4(2) 2:2:2:2(2)	3:3:2(3)	4:2:2(5)	5:3(1)
Percent incidence of group structure of all lists and Subjects.
		Adult	29.0	46.8	17.7	6.4
		10 yrs	30.1	49.3	15.0	5.4
		8 yrs	41.1	39.7	17.8	1.3

In this study, a partial replication was carried out using random samples of children of 10 and 8 years.  Each child started with a consonant list of three items which was read and recalled to the usual criterion.  Thereafter list lengths of four, five, six, seven and eight consonants were tackled in ascending order, the list at all lengths being randomly chosen for each subject.   Tape recordings of the criterion reading and recall trials for each list were pause analyzed and imposed groupings identified from the presence of inflection pauses.  There were 20 subjects at each age level with equal numbers of male and female children.  As with the adult subjects the classification of imposed structure is based upon the size of the first-imposed group and included in table 2.4 are the mast popular groupings observed during the recall at these age levels.  The numbers in parentheses refer to the number of subjects choosing a given structure.

Taking adult performance over list length as a reference point a triplet preference is clearly shown.  (For normal individuals.)

  For all list lengths except list 8, the most frequent adult pattern is built around an initial triplet grouping.

  As Ryan (1969) has observed where symmetrical grouping is possible this tends to be preferred, serving to emphasize a 3:3 grouping for list 6 and to attenuate a 3:3:2 grouping for list B.  If grouping type is expressed as a percentage of all grouping occurrences then strict comparisons are only possible for the doublet and triplet types since list 5 could be divided as 2:3 or 3:2 but not as 4:1 given the dependence on an inflection pause measure for identifying group boundaries.  It follows that the incidence of doublet and triplet groupings can be meaningfully compared over list lengths but not groupings in excess of three items.  For adults the incidence of doublet structures was 29 percent and, of triplet, 46.8 percent.

For the 8-year-old sample no predominance of triplet groupings was found,

the percent incidences being equivalent, 41.1 and 39.7 percent.

  In the 10-year-old sample the distribution was close to the adult form, 30.1 and 49.3 percent.

  The grouping structures given in Table 2.4 apply to recall during criterion trials and it is possible to compare them with the grouping structures imposed during reading.  It should be noted, however, that structural alterations from reading to recall can take different forms which need to be distinguished.  Suppose for example that list 8 was read as 2:2:4. During recall the grouping pattern could again be 2:2:4 (Duplication), 4:4 (Omission), 2:2:2:2 (Addition) or 3:3:2 (Change). Of these possibilities Omission and Addition retain features of the original structure whereas change need not do so. Of the adults, two subjects introduced a change in their recall of list 5 and four subjects did so for list 8.

  The 8-year-olds showed a greater tendency to change from reading to recall than the adults but not to the extent found for the 10-year-olds of whom 12 out of 20 changed for the eight-item list.

  It seems plausible that the age difference is due to a developmental shift in the grouping base-tending to three items for older subjects.  The established increase in memory span over this age range would appear to support this interpretation (McLaughlin, 1963).

Wilkes, Lloyd and Simpson (1972) argued that for adult subjects a single repeated rhythm based upon triplet groups was underlying the observed results.   Subjects repeatedly imposed groups of three items leaving a terminal group of either two or four items.  Assuming Broadbent's estimate of a register capacity to be correct at three items the present results couple the maximum use of that capacity with a single repetitive rhythm.  The children's data did not permit a similar conclusion for the repetitive use of a single base but strongly implied a developmental progression in this direction.  In general, therefore, the use of inflection pauses to identify spontaneous grouping structures provides an account consistent with other independent descriptions of similar learning tasks.

• The number 1 with an attendant question mark is the result of not knowing whether infants memorize in singular "chunks" even though they "verbalize" (babble) in a 1-chunk~ 2-chunk~ 3-chunk sequence of developmental progression.
  
  

• The usage of fractions such as 2/3 and 3/2 are references to transitional phases between the usage of patterns-of-two and patterns-of-three.

• The 3 at the top of the reversible arrow is a reference to a consideration that humanity proceeds along a 1~ 2~ 3 maturational development sequence and that there is nothing to represent a distinctly "higher" formula.  In other words, there is not 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, etc...  What we find is a recurrence of the "3" in a variety of forms.

• Criminal careers are thought to be in measurable numbers from birth through age 8.

• Initiation for criminal careers is said to peak from the age of 7 through 15.

• The juvenile career as well as the transition from the juvenile to the adult justice system is said to occur from age 12 through 20.

• Most adult criminal careers are said to terminate from the age of 18 through 26.

The correlation between these generalized age groupings of criminals and the above table data on memorization, implies that criminal thinking sustains a particular type of memorization pattern in frequency, application, and underlying (numerically identifiable) structure.  To this view we can further add the following:

A. The information taken from the above "memorization" table indicates younger subjects tend to "chunk" memorized information into patterns/groups-of-two, while older subjects will preferentially use patterns/groups-of-three, even though other pattern groupings are available and are used sometimes.
B. Criminal psychologists, social workers, etc., have cited that criminals tend to exhibit a world perception like that of a child.
C. Criminals tend to express dichotomous world-views such as black versus white, good guy versus bad guy, weak versus strong, etc...

Is the frequency, application, and underlying structure of memorization directly related to criminal activity?  Can we alter criminal behavior by teaching alternative patterns of memorization consistent with more normalized subjects, whether or not they themselves are aware of their own memorization skills?

When a social worker argues that a person becomes a criminal due to a variety of interrelated circumstances, it is seldom if ever recognized that such events are what make up a person's memory repertoire.  Is it possible to alter one's responses to one's life circumstances through an academic setting focused on memorization skills?  Or is it impossible to teach a new type of memorization due to an underlying genetic component which will always come into play during moments of stress?

Along with the training of a different memorization technique, will have to be applied a different world view.  Because if a person retains a view of the world (with age appropriate terms) that is consistent with that of children as is indicated by Bruno Bettlehiem, grouping items in 3's in a classroom may only mean the person is "going along with the instruction" for a short period of class time, because it helps to reduce the possibility of confrontation.

On the previous page we can find:

The manner in which the child can bring some order into his world view is by dividing everything into opposites.  In the later Oedipal and post-Oedipal ages, this splitting extends to the child himself.

The child, like all of us, is at any moment in a welter of contradictory feelings.  But while adults have learned to integrate these, the child is overwhelmed by these ambivalences within himself.  He experiences the mixture of
love and hate, desire and fear within himself as an incomprehensible chaos.   He cannot manage feeling at one and the same moment both good and obedient, yet bad and rebellious, although he is.  Since he cannot comprehend intermediate stages of degree and intensity, things are either all light or all darkness.
One is either all courage or all fear;
the happiest or the most miserable;
the most beautiful or the ugliest;
the smartest or the dumbest;
one either loves or hates,
never anything in between.  This is also how the fairy tale {and in a metaphorical sense, the Criminal} depicts the world:  Figures are ferocity incarnate or unselfish benevolence.  
An animal is either
all-devouring or all-helpful.

source: http://cenocracy.topcities.com/

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